Every business has unique risks that should be re-evaluated regularly.

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1. Network Infrastructure Security

  • What to Evaluate:
    • Firewall configurations and rule sets
    • VPN access controls and encryption
    • Segmentation of internal networks (e.g., VLANs)
    • Monitoring and logging of network traffic
  • Why It Matters:
    • A compromised network can serve as a gateway for attackers to access sensitive data or disrupt operations.

2. Access Control and Identity Management

  • What to Evaluate:
    • User authentication protocols (e.g., MFA, SSO)
    • Privileged access rights (least privilege enforcement)
    • Account provisioning and deprovisioning processes
    • Monitoring for unusual login activity
  • Why It Matters:
    • Improper access control is a top vector for data breaches, especially from insider threats or compromised credentials.

3. Software and System Patch Management

  • What to Evaluate:
    • Timeliness of OS and application updates
    • Patch deployment processes across all endpoints and servers
    • Inventory of third-party and legacy software
  • Why It Matters:
    • Unpatched systems are vulnerable to known exploits and malware campaigns.

4. Data Protection and Backup Policies

  • What to Evaluate:
    • Data classification and encryption (at rest and in transit)
    • Backup frequency, offsite storage, and disaster recovery testing
    • Access to sensitive or regulated data (e.g., PII, PHI)
  • Why It Matters:
    • Data loss or theft can result in regulatory penalties, financial loss, and damage to reputation.

5. Employee Awareness and Security Training

  • What to Evaluate:
    • Regular phishing simulations and social engineering tests
    • Training on safe email, web browsing, and data handling practices
    • Clear incident reporting procedures
  • Why It Matters:
    • Human error remains one of the most common causes of security incidents.